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1
Commensurate with today’s trend, one of the most novel methods of language teaching and learning is MALL. Irrespective of the untold number of carried out studies in this field, the need for systematic review regarding four basic language skills synchronously was tangible and detected. To accommodate such an exigency, the present study systematically reviews 31 authentic and germane studies in the field of MALL from 2010 to 2021 so far as to extract the research trends of the disseminated literature, detect the publication trajectory in the area of mobile learning, and categorize the results to confirm or reject the effectiveness of such a mediated language learning context. Five central themes of research topics, methods, designs, type of devices, and theoretical frameworks are the pillars of research questions and each study is scrutinized according to these five motifs. Accordant with the results, the subsequent four salient conclusions are given rise: 1) practical subject matters such as participant-focused, provider-focused, technology and, case study overshadow theoretical topics such as introductory, educational theory, and concept, 2) researchers are inclined to carry out their studies by dint of quantitative research method and experimental design to a great extent, 3) smartphones is the focal point of researchers interest and it is frequently utilized in selected papers, 4) theoretical frameworks are not that much common among papers due to the MALL field novelty. Additionally, and according to the categorization of the results, the effectiveness of mobile implementation while teaching four basic language skills is decided. The results of the present study pave the way for teachers, policymakers, and material developers to design a more well-thought-out language learning curriculum to alter the long-standing language learning journey into a more captivating and constructive one. These conclusions are construed and justified throughout the closing chapter. In the end, several recommendations are stated to set a ground for future research. Keywords: Teaching and learning English, Mobile-assisted language learning, Systematic review, Four language skills, Smartphone
2
Contextual diversity, which is based on the concept that variation in a word's meaning is a continuous feature of variation in its context, may affect the development of adult EFL learners’ lexical quality and therefore causes individual differences in it (Hoffman & Woollams, 2015). On the other hand, other characteristics such as contextual diversity, imageability, concreteness, and the number of senses of a word may be the reason for these differences in lexical quality (Hsiao & Nation, 2018). Therefore, our understanding of lexical development can improve theoretical frameworks of teaching and materials development. It can also be used in computational word retrieva‎l and sentence processing models. Focusing on foreign-language lexical quality development, this research explores contextual diversity, imageability, concreteness, and the number of senses, as well as their relationship. Accordingly, this study assumes that contextual diversity measure would show a significant correlation with lexical quality as well as with imageability, concreteness and the number of senses. To investigate the mentioned hypotheses, a measure of contextual diversity was obtained at first. In two phases, this investigation examined the effect of contextual diversity on 30 EFL learners’ lexical decision-making and word recognition as a measure of lexical quality. The results revealed a relationship between contextual diversity and lexical quality, in which contextual diversity explains 41% of the variance in lexical knowledge. Finally, a correlation study was performed on contextual diversity, imageability, concreteness, and the number of senses, which demonstrates that these linguistic traits are positively correlated.
3
Corona virus pandemic has changed all aspects of our lives greatly. The Covid-19 has one of its most significant disruptions in education. It causes the closure of schools in more than 190 countries. This study was conducted to find the relationship between learners’ L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) elements (consisting of Ideal L2 Self, Ought-to L2 Self, and L2 Learning Experience), and Online Student Engagement (OSE) elements, consisting of skills, participation, performance, and emotion in the English online classes. Besides, the relationship of these two variables with different demographic information of learners were measured. SPSS 25 and AMOS 20 were both used for data analysis. The results indicated that in general participants of this study had a high level of motivation and engagement, as measured with L2MSS and OSE questionnaires, in online classes. In addition, it was found that these two variables affected each other in online classes. The study further found several results based on participants’ demographic information. The result of the study may be beneficial for both language learners and language instructors. Moreover, policy makers may define new material for such courses. These materials may need to be adopted, adapted, changed, revised, or developed.
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