چكيده انگليسي :
High concentrations of copper (Cu) can be extremely toxic for plant growth. Drought stress is also considered as a major environmental tension, as it reduces vegetative growth in medicinal plants. This study evaluated the singular and combined effects of several Cu concentrations (0, 50, 150, 300, and 400 mg/kg) and various drought stresses (non-stress, moderate, and severe) on the different vegetative traits, Cu accumulation (in roots, shoots, and distilled plant material), essential oils (EOs) yield, grain yield, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids, antioxidants, proline, total soluble sugars and malondialdehyde of Fumaria parviflora under greenhouse and field conditions. The seeds were collected from four zones (Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4) located in two mineral regions (Ravar Askari and Rabor) of Kerman, Iran. Drought and copper, both independently and in combination, suppressed plant growth by reducing various vegetative growth parameters and activated the immune system of the plant. Concentration of 50 mg/kg copper had a decreasing effect on drought stress in each of the morphological traits, grain yield, photosynthetic pigments, proline and anthocyanin. At 150 mg/kg copper, the effect of copper on drought stress was ineffective in growth parameters, grain yield, photosynthetic pigments, phenol content, flavonoids and malondialdehyde, and these traits had the effect of both stresses on moderate drought stress Showed strong but no interaction between these two stresses while in the content of proline, carbohydrate and anthocyanin this concentration had an increasing effect on drought stress. At concentrations of 300 and 400 mg/kg, copper had an additive effect on drought stress in proline, anthocyanin, phenol, flavonoids, antioxidants and malondialdehyde and had a reducing effect on drought stress in soluble carbohydrates and in growth parameters, grain yield and Photosynthetic pigments had no effect on drought stress. In moderate drought conditions and up to 150 mg/kg copper concentration, F.parviflora was able to withstand stress using defense mechanisms and the parameters of shoot growth, grain yield and photosynthetic pigments were slightly lower than the control and also the highest essential oil yield (0.56 % Volume/Weight) was obtained by applying 150 mg/kg of copper under moderate drought stress in Z3 and Z4 regions. In the plant material left over from the distillation, the concentration of copper was approximately the same as that of the aerial parts before the distillation process. In addition, the essential oil yield was at its highest in this treatment and copper was mainly accumulated in the roots and only slightly transferred to the stem. Therefore, for medicinal use of shoots and essential oils of F.parviflora, it is recommended that this plant be cultivated in moderate drought conditions in stress soils with a maximum concentration of 150 mg/kg. Also, areas with high concentrations of copper (Z3 and Z4) in the studied mineral areas were more resistant to high concentrations of copper and showed higher grain yield, growth yield and essential oil percentage than areas with lower concentrations of copper (Z1 and Z2). Showed that over time the plants grown in the areas with higher concentration of copper that were less resistant have disappeared and gradually resistant plants have formed an ecotype that can tolerate high concentrations of copper better, so it is suggested that to cultivate the medicinal plant in areas with copper stress, the seeds of this plant should be collected from areas with high concentrations of copper.
