In the first study, the morpho-physiological traits and secondary metabolite variation of leaves and roots of 18 populations belonging to Salvia subg. Perovskia were eva‎luated in three levels of irrigation, including well-watered condition (as control), moderate deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation during the two consecutive years in an experimental field. The field experiment results showed that the highest total tanshinone content of roots and essential oil content of aerial parts were obtained in moderate deficit irrigation and severe deficit irrigation, respectively. SYaKH population from S. yangii species and SAbKL from S. abrotanoides species were elite populations with high values of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities, polyphenolic contents and total tanshinones concentration in stress and non-stress conditions, and these populations were selected for further studies. Based on GC-MS analysis, δ-3-Carene, camphor, 1,8-cineol, borneol, myrcene and α-pinene were the main constituents. The biosynthesis of the oxygenated monoterpenes induced with increasing water deficit levels in plant populations, as compared with a well-watered irrigation regime. Although, the sesquiterpenes (oxygenated sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons) decreased with the severity of stress. In the second study, quantitative real-time PCR was performed for transcriptional analysis of tanshinones biosynthesis genes (DXS1, HMGR, KSL). Drought stress conditions was imposed by the cessation of irrigating during 9 days. Moreover, in order to eva‎luate the product of the genes in stress conditions, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, hydroxy-cryptotanshinone in the root extracts. The expression ratios of all studied genes were markedly induced by the drought stress, which resulted in elevated contents of total tanshinones, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, hydroxy-cryptotanshinone in both plant species. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 11 phenolic compounds, whose values generally increased with increasing water stress. Rosmarinic acid and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in both plant species. In the third study, the modulating effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on the water deficit stress symptoms was explored in two elite populations. Inoculation with F. mosseae, R. intraradices, and mixed AMF dramatically elevated polyphenolics and peroxidase activities in all irrigation regimes compared to their corresponding non-AMF samples in both leaf and root systems, in which these enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities reached a peak when plants were inoculated by F. mosseae. AMF inoculation alleviated the deleterious impacts of water stress by increasing the phosphorus uptake, chlorophyll biosynthesis, quantity of essential oils and relative water content. Taking into account the essential oil groups, AMF colonization elevated some essential oil components, such as oxygenated monoterpenes, 1,8-cineol, camphor, and borneol, whereas the main sesquiterpenes, including E-β-caryophyllene and α-humulene, remarkably decreased, and thereby, improved the quality of essential oils. In the fourth study, the influence of crude extracts from both leaves and roots of two elite populations and their main polyphenolic compounds on anti-glycation properties were eva‎luated. The reduction in absorbance of the treated samples with crude extracts and their main polyphenol compounds indicated that their efficacy on alleviating the glycation reaction tends to be more pronounced in leaves as compared with the root systems. Moreover, among the biophenol compounds, rutin and rosmarinic acid showed the highest inhibitory effect on BSA glycation. In this study, there was a direct correlation between antioxidant and anti-glycation activity.

پرويز احسان زاده , مهدي كديور

پرويز احسان زاده , مهدي كديور

پرويز احسان زاده , مهدي كديور , محمدحسين ميرجليلي