In this research, samples of structural three-component nanoreactors with Yolk@Shell architecture (Yolk@Double Shell Fe3O4@ZrO2@TiO2 or Y@ DS FZT) were first prepared based on the synthesis parameters, including the temperature of calcination process, the temperature and time of solvothermal process, and the best synthesized sample was selected based on the lowest energy band gap. The characterization of the best sample of this nanoreactor was done by XRD, EDS, FESEM, TEM, BET, FTIR, Raman, XPS, TGA, PL, VSM, PZC and electrochemical analysis. One of the objectives of this study is to investigate the effects of solvothermal and calcination reaction conditions on the energy band gap and to optimize the reaction conditions of Y@ DS FZT nanoreactors using a 3-level Box-Benken model. In addition, the effect of crystal size and specific surface area (SSA) on the energy band gap was investigated. The specific surface area, pore volume, and average pore size of the Y@ DS FZT nanoreactors were 429 m2/g, 0.39 cm3/g, and 22 nm, respectively. To determine the performance of the best sample of nanoreactor Y@ DS FZT, the photocatalytic degradation process of naproxen was investigated based on the effect of four process factors (initial concentration of naproxen, initial pH of solution, amount of loaded photocatalyst, and duration of visible light irradiation) using Response Surface Method (RSM). According to the results, the maximum and minimum photocatalytic degradation rates of naproxen using the Y@ DS FZT nanoreactor were 100 and 66%, respectively. To maximize the photocatalytic activity, the parameters of the loaded catalyst, the pH of the reaction medium, the initial concentration of naproxen, and the irradiation time were adjusted to 0.5 g/L, 3, 10 mg/L, and 60 min, respectively, resulting in the complete destruction of naproxen. In order to develop a hybrid system based on advanced oxidation methods for the removal of naproxen in synthetic wastewater, the combined method of isothermal boiling based on relative flow blockage (FRB) for the generation of hydroxyl radicals resulting from the dissolution of nanobubbles was investigated together with electrofenton (EF) and photoelectrofenton (PEF) methods as other advanced oxidation based methods. The optimal process conditions for this part of the system were determined based on the highest kinetic rate of the naproxen degradation reaction at an inlet pressure of 4 bar and a pH of 2. On this basis, the highest degradation rate was 39.43% and the reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 11.3% obtained with the FRB process alone. Combined methods involving the FRB process together with electrofenton (EF) and photoelectrofenton (PEF) without the use of chemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated to remove the maximum amount of naproxen from the synthesized wastewater. The destruction of naproxen was almost completely achieved by reducing the chemical oxygen demand by 90% in 120 min for the combined method of FRB with photoelectrofenton (PEF), while for the combination with electrofenton (EF) the destruction in 120 min was 89.91%. The purification was achieved. The degradation index (DI) was calculated for both the wastewater from FRB treatment alone and the wastewater from the treatment process with electrofenton (EF) and photoelectrofenton (PEF). Finally, the operating costs of the different treatment processes were calculated and eva‎luated based on electricity consumption.

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محمد ديناري

حميد زيلوئي , عليرضا نجفي چرمهيني