Environmental pollution, particularly from organic contaminants derived from industrial activities, represents a significant challenge for human societies. Among these hazardous compounds, 4-nitrophenol is of particular concern due to its high toxicity an‎d chemical stability, necessitating its effective removal from aqueous environments. This study focuses on the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, a valuable intermediate widely utilized in pharmaceutical an‎d chemical industries. In this work, the MXene substrate was initially synthesized, followed by the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles onto the MXene support, resulting in the MXene/Pd3% catalyst. To investigate the effect of catalyst loading, four separate reactions were conducted using different catalyst amounts (0.005, 0.008, 0.01, an‎d 0.015 g). Furthermore, the influence of sodium borohydride concentration on both the reaction rate an‎d yield was eva‎luated using solutions of varying concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05, an‎d 0.1 M). The progress of the reactions was monitored at different time intervals using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Comprehensive characterization of the catalyst structure, morphology, specific surface area, an‎d elemental composition was carried out using FT-IR, XRD, BET, FE-SEM, MAP-EDS, an‎d ICP techniques. The results indicate that the MXene/Pd3% catalyst exhibits a well-defined structure, high specific surface area, an‎d uniform palladium nanoparticle distribution, which collectively enhance the efficiency an‎d rate of 4-nitrophenol reduction.

عليرضا نجفي چرمهيني

حسين توكل

محمد ديناري , سياوش كاظمي موحد