In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a central research focus in distributed systems due to their pivotal role in applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, military systems, an‎d the Internet of Things (IoT). Considering the strict energy constraints of sensor nodes, designing energy-efficient routing protocols that enhance network longevity an‎d ensure stable performance remains one of the foremost challenges in this domain. In this study, an edge-aware clustering protocol based on genetic algorithms an‎d the LEACH framework is proposed, namely EGA-LEACH. In the proposed architecture, edge nodes are leveraged to optimize the selec‎tion of cluster heads an‎d the assignment of nodes to clusters. Furthermore, under critical conditions, cluster formation is temporarily suspended an‎d replaced by direct data transmission to edge nodes, thereby preserving the overall network throughput. Simulation results in MATLAB demonstrate the significant superiority of the proposed protocol compared to benchmark schemes (LEACH, LEACH-C, GA-LEACH an‎d ICSSA). Specifically, the time to the first node death is extended by more than 80-fold, the network lifetime until the last node death increases by approximately 25-fold, an‎d the amount of data successfully delivered to the base station improves by more than seven times. In addition, the overall energy consumption trend across the network is markedly optimized, an‎d the robustness of the proposed algorithm is consistently maintained across diverse scenarios with varying network densities an‎d dimensions.

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علي فانيان , عارف كريمي افشار