شناسايي باركدهاي مولكولي اختصاصي از طريق توالي يابي ژنوم كلروپلاست دو گونه بومي جنس ماهور( Verbascum sinuatum و Verbascum speciosum)

The genus Verbascum, with about 360 species, is one of the largest genera of Scrophulariaceae, an‎d Iran, with more than 43 species an‎d 20 endemic species, is a major center of its diversity. In this study, the complete chloroplast genomes of two medicinal an‎d endemic Iranian species, V. speciosum an‎d V. sinuatum, were sequenced for the first time using next-generation sequencing an‎d compared with eight other species. Following assembly an‎d annotation, SSR, codon usage bias, selec‎tion pressure, nucleotide diversity, an‎d phylogenetic analyses were performed. Both genomes had a conserved quadripartite structure an‎d 131 genes, while rpl23 was found only in these two species, suggesting its potential as a structural marker. Codon usage patterns were similar an‎d predominantly involved A/T-ending codons. V. sinuatum contained 34 SSRs an‎d lacked SSRs in the hypervariable trnS-trnG region, making this region a suitable marker for species discrimination. Most chloroplast genes were under purifying selec‎tion, whereas ndhB, ycf3, an‎d ycf4 were under positive selec‎tion. The regions ycf3_1-trnS-GGA an‎d trnH-psbA an‎d the genes rps15 an‎d rps16 showed the highest nucleotide diversity. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the sister relationship between Verbascum an‎d Scrophularia; within Verbascum, V. speciosum was related to V. songaricum an‎d V. sinaiticum, whereas V. sinuatum formed a more divergent sister branch. The single-gene rps15 was insufficient for species discrimination. This study provides the first chloroplast genome information for these two Iranian endemic species an‎d demonstrates the potential of variable regions as molecular markers for species discrimination, medicinal authentication, an‎d conservation, providing a basis for future genomic, phylogenetic, an‎d sustainable utilization studies of Verbascum.

ابوذر سورني

مهديه غلامي , امير مساح